{"id":1837,"date":"2026-10-13T15:48:21","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T13:48:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/cathodic-protection-storage-tanks-vessels\/"},"modified":"2026-10-13T16:05:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T14:05:21","slug":"cathodic-protection-storage-tanks-vessels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/en\/cathodic-protection-storage-tanks-vessels\/","title":{"rendered":"Cathodic protection for storage tanks and vessels"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Metal storage tanks and vessels, whether they hold fuel, liquefied gas, water or chemicals, spend their entire life in contact with the soil, the foundation or the liquid they contain. That permanent exposure makes them one of the installations most vulnerable to corrosion, and a failure means more than repairing or replacing the tank: a leak can contaminate soil and aquifers, shut the installation down and lead to penalties. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, <strong>cathodic protection for tanks<\/strong> is the technique that stops this corrosion from the outside, on the steel surface in contact with the soil or the water. In this article we explain why tanks corrode, when they need cathodic protection, which system suits each case, how it is designed and how it is maintained. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why storage tanks and vessels corrode<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carbon steel, the most common material in tanks and vessels, naturally tends to return to its oxide state when it is in contact with an electrolyte, that is, a damp medium able to conduct current: the soil, the sand of the foundation or water. How fast it does so depends on the environment and on the type of tank. <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Buried tanks and vessels:<\/strong> their entire outer surface is surrounded by soil. Moisture, salts, pH and low soil resistivity speed up corrosion, which also progresses without being visible from the outside. <\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Above-ground tank bottoms:<\/strong> the bottom plate rests on a sand, gravel or concrete base that retains moisture. It is the hardest area to inspect and where most perforations appear in tank farms. <\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Galvanic couples:<\/strong> when a steel tank is connected to a bare copper earthing network or to other metal structures, a cell forms in which the steel acts as the anode and corrodes faster.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Stray currents:<\/strong> nearby electric traction lines or direct current systems can discharge current through the tank and cause very fast localized corrosion.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Coating defects:<\/strong> any damage to the tank paint or coating leaves the steel exposed. Corrosion concentrates at those points and perforates the plate sooner than on a bare surface. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Which tanks need cathodic protection<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not every metal vessel needs the same level of protection, but cathodic protection is the reference solution for these installations:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Buried fuel tanks<\/strong> at service stations, vehicle fleets, industry and generator sets, especially single-wall steel tanks.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Buried LPG vessels<\/strong> (propane and butane) in homes, industry and distribution networks.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Above-ground tank bottoms<\/strong> in hydrocarbon and chemical tank farms and industrial plants.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Water tanks and vessels<\/strong>, where the submerged inner surface can also be protected.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Pipes and connections associated<\/strong> with the tank, which are part of the same buried structure and are usually protected together with it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How cathodic protection works on a tank<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The principle is the same as for any buried or submerged structure: a direct current is passed through the electrolyte towards the tank surface, so that all the steel behaves as the cathode of an electrochemical cell. Under these conditions the metal stops losing electrons and corrosion stops. If you want to review the basics, we explain them in detail in <a href=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/en\/what-is-cathodic-protection-and-how-does-it-work\/\">what cathodic protection is and how it works<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For it to work on a tank, the system has to meet two conditions. First, the tank must be <strong>electrically isolated<\/strong> from everything that is not to be protected (copper earthing networks, pipes of other services, building structures), usually with insulating joints at the connections. Otherwise the current is lost through those connections and the tank is left unprotected. Second, the tank must have a good coating: cathodic protection does not replace paint or coating, it protects the points where they fail. We cover this in the article on <a href=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/en\/cathodic-protection-vs-anticorrosive-coatings\/\">cathodic protection versus anti-corrosion coatings<\/a>.    <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sacrificial anodes or impressed current for tanks<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A cathodic protection system for tanks can work with sacrificial (galvanic) anodes or with impressed current. The choice depends mainly on the surface to be protected, the quality of the coating and the soil resistivity. You can see the general comparison between the two in <a href=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/en\/differences-between-sacrificial-anodes-and-impressed-current\/\">sacrificial anodes versus impressed current<\/a>; for tanks, the practical differences are these:  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Criterio<\/th><th>Sacrificial anodes<\/th><th>Impressed current<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Size of the installation<\/td><td>Single tanks or a few tanks, small or medium sized<\/td><td>Tank farms, large above-ground tank bottoms, several tanks and pipes at once<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tank coating<\/td><td>Needs a good coating, because the available current is limited<\/td><td>Accepts aged coatings or tanks with more bare surface<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Soil resistivity<\/td><td>Low or medium resistivity soils<\/td><td>Any soil, including high resistivity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Power supply<\/td><td>No la necesita<\/td><td>Needs a transformer-rectifier connected to the grid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maintenance<\/td><td>Minimal: measure potentials and replace the anodes at the end of their life<\/td><td>Periodic check of the rectifier and measurement of potentials<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Typical example<\/td><td>Buried LPG vessel or diesel tank in a building<\/td><td>Service station with several tanks or industrial tank farm<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sacrificial anodes are mainly magnesium alloys in soils and zinc in very low resistivity soils. In impressed current systems, the anodes are usually activated titanium (MMO), silicon iron or graphite, powered by a transformer-rectifier that allows the current to be adjusted throughout the life of the installation. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cathodic protection for buried tanks and vessels<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anodos-sacrificio-tanque-enterrado-estacion-servicio-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"Installation of sacrificial anodes next to a buried fuel tank at a service station\" class=\"wp-image-1833\" srcset=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anodos-sacrificio-tanque-enterrado-estacion-servicio-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anodos-sacrificio-tanque-enterrado-estacion-servicio-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anodos-sacrificio-tanque-enterrado-estacion-servicio-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anodos-sacrificio-tanque-enterrado-estacion-servicio.webp 1408w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On a buried tank, the anodes are placed around the vessel, at a distance and depth calculated to spread the current evenly over its whole surface. Cables run from the tank and the anodes to a test box or pit accessible from the surface, where the tank potential can be checked at any time with a reference electrode. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are the points that most affect the result on buried tanks:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Electrical isolation<\/strong> of the filling, vent and supply pipes, and separation from the installation\u2019s copper earthing network. It is the most common reason why a system does not reach protection potentials. <\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Electrical continuity<\/strong> between all the parts to be protected, including the buried steel pipes connected to the tank.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Tank backfill<\/strong>: clean sand or the material specified in the design, with no rubble or stones that could damage the coating.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Accessible test points<\/strong> and, in installations with several tanks, a permanent reference electrode next to each one.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The buried pipes leaving the tank are usually protected with the same system. If they are long runs, it is best to treat them as an installation in their own right, as we explain in <a href=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/en\/cathodic-protection-buried-pipelines-gas-pipelines\/\">cathodic protection for buried pipelines and gas pipelines<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cathodic protection for above-ground tank bottoms<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the above-ground tanks of tank farms, the outer face of the bottom is the only one that cannot be inspected or repainted without emptying the tank, and it is the one in contact with the base. That is why cathodic protection focuses on it. There are two common solutions:  <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Anode grid under the bottom<\/strong>, made of activated titanium ribbons or wires installed in the sand base before the tank is erected. It spreads the current very evenly and is the preferred solution for new tanks or when the bottom is replaced. <\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Perimeter or deep anode beds<\/strong>, around the tank or in boreholes, to protect tanks that are already in service without dismantling them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bear in mind that impermeable containment liners under the tank or concrete bases can block the current if the anodes are outside them. That is why cathodic protection for tank bottoms is decided at the design stage, together with the design of the base. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Internal cathodic protection for water tanks<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In water tanks and vessels, corrosion also attacks from the inside, over the whole wetted surface. To protect it, submerged anodes are installed (sacrificial, usually magnesium or aluminium, or impressed current in large tanks), suspended in the water or fixed to the walls. If the tank holds drinking water, the materials and the system must be compatible with the sanitary use of the water.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How a cathodic protection system for tanks is designed<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A well-sized system protects the tank throughout its service life; a poorly calculated one can leave areas unprotected or use up the anodes too early. The design follows these steps: <\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Data collection and inspection:<\/strong> dimensions and number of tanks, type and condition of the coating, connected pipes, earthing network, possible stray currents and measurement of soil resistivity.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Calculation of the current required<\/strong> from the surface to be protected, the quality of the coating and the current density the medium requires.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Choice of system<\/strong>, sacrificial anodes or impressed current, and sizing of the anodes or rectifier for the service life set in the design.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Installation and commissioning<\/strong>, measuring the \u201con\u201d and \u201coff\u201d potentials to check that the whole tank is protected and to adjust the system.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Technical documentation<\/strong>: drawings, calculations, commissioning values and the maintenance procedure.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a reference, the most widely used standards for tanks are <strong>EN 13636<\/strong>, for buried metal tanks and their pipes; <strong>EN 16299<\/strong>, for the outer face of above-ground tank bottoms; and the practices <strong>API RP 651<\/strong> and <strong>NACE SP0193<\/strong>, widespread in the oil sector. All of them agree on the basic protection criterion: a potential of \u2212850 mV or more negative with respect to a copper\/copper sulphate electrode, or a polarization shift of at least 100 mV. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maintenance and verification of cathodic protection on tanks<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/medicion-potencial-proteccion-catodica-tanque-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"Measuring the potential of a buried tank at the test pit with a multimeter and reference electrode\" class=\"wp-image-1834\" srcset=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/medicion-potencial-proteccion-catodica-tanque-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/medicion-potencial-proteccion-catodica-tanque-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/medicion-potencial-proteccion-catodica-tanque-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/procainsa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/medicion-potencial-proteccion-catodica-tanque.webp 1408w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A cathodic protection system is not installed and forgotten. Over time the soil moisture, the condition of the coating and the installation itself change, so it is necessary to check periodically that the tank is still protected: <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Measurement of potentials<\/strong> at all test points, with the current on and off, to rule out reading errors.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Check of the transformer-rectifier<\/strong> in impressed current systems: voltage, current and operation.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Check of the isolation<\/strong> of the insulating joints, especially after works or changes to the installation.<\/li>\n\n<li><strong>Recording of values<\/strong> to detect trends and anticipate anode replacement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These checks are part of our <a href=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/en\/inspections\/\">installation inspection<\/a>service, carried out by qualified technicians with a results report at every visit.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A real case at a service station in Barcelona<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Procainsa has carried out more than 250 cathodic protection installations at service stations, including the Balearic and Canary Islands. At one of them, in the city of Barcelona, we delivered the turnkey project for a service station with <strong>five buried single-wall metal tanks of 30 m\u00b3<\/strong>. The system installed has automatic control with a permanent reference electrode: the service station staff record the operating values of the equipment every day and let us know of any variation, and every year our technicians carry out a full review of the installation. You can see the project in <a href=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/en\/proyectos\/cathodic-protection-system-at-petrol-stations\/\">cathodic protection system at service stations<\/a>.   <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cathodic protection for tanks with Procainsa<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since 1988 we have designed, installed and maintained cathodic protection systems for buried tanks, above-ground tank bottoms and water tanks, with a NACE-certified technical team and in compliance with the regulations applicable to each project. We handle the preliminary study, design, supply of materials, installation and maintenance, also on tanks already in service. Find out about our <a href=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/en\/cathodic-protection\/\">cathodic protection service<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently asked questions about cathodic protection for tanks<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is cathodic protection mandatory for buried tanks?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It depends on the type of tank and the regulations that apply to it. In Spain, the regulations for petroleum installations require buried steel tanks to be protected against corrosion, and for single-wall tanks cathodic protection is the usual way to achieve this. In each case it is advisable to check the applicable technical instruction and the requirements of the supply company or the insurer.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What potential should a cathodically protected tank have?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most widely used criterion is a potential of \u2212850 mV or more negative, measured against a copper\/copper sulphate reference electrode and excluding the IR drop (\u201coff\u201d potential). A polarization shift of at least 100 mV from the tank\u2019s natural potential is also accepted. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can cathodic protection be installed on a tank that is already in service?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. On buried tanks the anodes are installed around the vessel without having to dig it up, and on above-ground tanks perimeter or deep anode beds are used. Before that, it is advisable to assess the condition of the tank to size the system correctly and check that there is no damage requiring repair.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How long do the anodes of a tank last?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The anodes are sized for the service life set in the design, usually 15 to 25 years. Their actual life depends on the condition of the coating and the soil, which is why it is important to measure potentials regularly: a gradual drop indicates that the anodes are running out. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Does cathodic protection replace the tank paint or coating?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No, they are complementary. The coating isolates most of the surface and cathodic protection protects the pores and defects where the coating fails. A good coating also reduces the current required and extends the life of the anodes.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Do you have tanks or vessels to protect?<\/strong> Our technical team will study your installation and propose the most suitable cathodic protection system. <a href=\"https:\/\/procainsa.com\/en\/contact\/\">Request information<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How buried and above-ground tanks and vessels are protected against corrosion: sacrificial anodes or impressed current, design, standards and maintenance of the system.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1838,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1837","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cathodic-protection"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast 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